Marco Tatti ^{1, 2, 3}

¹Ttech Srl, Italy, marco@marcotatti.it
²www.trizconsulting.it, Italy
³https://academia-eng.com/en, Italy

Abstract

The global energy sector faces significant challenges due to rising demand, depleting traditional resources, and the urgent need for a transition to renewable energy sources. This article delves into how the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), a scientific methodology, can drive innovation in energy storage and efficiency, particularly in the Middle East.
TRIZ provides a structured approach to overcoming technical contradictions, making it ideal for addressing complex problems in the energy sector. With its unique climatic conditions and heavy reliance on fossil fuels, the Middle East requires diversified and sustainable energy solutions. TRIZ’s tools offer robust frameworks for developing high-level, efficient solutions. Examples include the application of TRIZ in the development of dynamic facades and advanced energy storage systems, demonstrating significant improvements in energy efficiency and sustainability. By fostering a culture of systematic innovation, TRIZ can help the Middle East transition to a more sustainable energy landscape, balancing economic growth with environmental responsibility. This approach not only addresses current energy challenges but also positions the region as a leader in global energy innovation.

Keywords: Innovation, TRIZ, Energy.

1   Introduction

Globally, the energy sector is facing several critical challenges. The growing energy demand, driven by population growth and urbanization, is putting a strain on existing infrastructures, and traditional energy resources, such as oil and coal, are depleting and are the focus of environmental concerns because of their greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change requires an urgent transition to renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, which, although promising, have problems with intermittency and integration into existing grids [13].

Energy security is another concern, with supply disruptions that can have devastating impacts on the economy and society. What is needed, therefore, is the push for innovative solutions in both technology, organization and management. There is a need to think of new ways to improve energy efficiency and reduce costs, while ensuring universal access to energy, especially in developing countries.

2   Middle East situation

The Middle East, a region rich in energy resources, faces unique and complex challenges in the energy sector. Despite its abundance of oil and natural gas, the region must diversify its energy sources to sustain long-term economic growth and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Fluctuating oil prices have highlighted the economic vulnerability of nations that rely heavily on oil exports. In addition, climate change and extreme weather conditions are increasing the demand for cooling energy, putting additional pressure on power grids. In this context, the issue of environmental sustainability is also becoming increasingly important in the Middle East. The region faces problems of pollution and water resource management, exacerbated by traditional energy production practices. The transition to cleaner energy sources, such as solar and wind power, is underway; but requires substantial infrastructure and technology investments. Renewable energy projects, such as the Noor Abu Dhabi Solar Park, represent important steps in this direction, but they need to be replicated on a large scale [3, 7].

Energy security is another primary concern, with the need to protect critical infrastructure from physical and cyber threats. Energy resource management in the military and utilities sectors is critical to ensure the continuity of essential services [12].

The region endlessly faces the challenge of energy efficiency in construction and large estates, where the implementation of advanced technologies and smart energy management systems will bring significant energy savings, reduced emissions, and more robust infrastructure.

Dealing with the above challenges requires a combination of forward-looking policies, technological innovations and strategic investments, areas where the TRIZ approach can offer effective solutions to promote a sustainable and secure energy future for the Middle East.

3   What is TRIZ

TRIZ, an acronym for “Teoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskikh Zadach” (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving), is a scientific methodology developed to address complex problems systematically and provide innovative solutions. Conceived by Genrich Altshuller and his colleagues in the former Soviet Union in the 1940s, TRIZ is based on the analysis of thousands of patents to identify common patterns of innovation.

This approach helps overcome the limitations of random creativity by providing concrete tools and principles for problem- solving [1].

At the heart of TRIZ is the idea that innovative solutions result from the elimination of contradictions. A contradiction occurs when improving one aspect of a system results in worsening another.

The TRIZ approach is well represented in what is commonly known as the “TRIZ prism,” which is the logical scheme whereby, starting from a specific problem, one breaks it down into all its components (as a “prism” breaks down a ray of light) into a structure that leads to abstract it from the real context thus extracting all its underlying contradictions.

For each of these, TRIZ proposes standard solutions, that is, statistically already identified as effective in the millions of patents that constitute the knowledge base of the TRIZ method (Figure 1).

The evaluation of this list of solving concepts allows one to return to the real context and then identify the real and practical solutions to the initial problem.

TRIZ includes a variety of tools and techniques for addressing and solving problems in a systematic way.

Among these, one of the most widely used is the Contradiction Matrix, which matches specific technical contradictions with appropriate inventive principles. This tool facilitates the search for innovative solutions by indicating the principles whose solution structure has been successfully applied in similar situations. [1].

The Resource Analysis is another key component of TRIZ. This tool helps identify and use available resources within the system to improve solutions. For example, in a manufacturing process, it may be possible to use waste heat to improve energy efficiency. Resource analysis allows these opportunities to be identified and maximized [4].

The Laws of Evolution of Technical Systems are another key tool of TRIZ. These laws make it possible to predict and guide the development of a technical system over time. Based on patterns of evolution identified through historical patent analysis, these laws help to understand how a system might evolve in the future and what innovations might be needed to maintain its competitive advantage. For example, one of the laws predicts that systems tend to become more dynamic over time, meaning that a product might evolve to offer greater flexibility and adaptability [9, 4].

The Trimming approach helps simplify systems by eliminating unnecessary components or combining functions. This step not only reduces costs but can also improve the reliability and ease of use of the system. For example, in an electronic device, trimming analysis might suggest combining several circuits into one chip, thus reducing the number of components needed and improving overall efficiency [11].

The complex structure of TRIZ tools is organized into ARIZ, the Inventive Problem Solving Algorithm, which guides the user through a step-by-step process to solve complex problems. The algorithm helps break down the problem into more manageable parts and identify contradictions and the available resources of the system leading to a more effective solution.

TRIZ is not limited to solving technical problems; it can also be applied to management and organizational problems [6].

The same principles that drive technical innovation can be used to improve business processes, resolve internal conflicts, and optimize resource management. For example, a common contradiction in the corporate world is the need to increase product quality while reducing production costs. Using TRIZ, companies can find ways to achieve both goals, such as implementing new production technologies or improving employee training to increase efficiency.

The TRIZ methodology is particularly effective because it is based on a scientific and structured approach. It does not rely on spontaneous creativity or random brainstorming, but uses established principles and systematic processes to guide the user toward innovative solutions. This makes TRIZ a powerful tool for innovation in any field, from engineering to medicine, from business to public administration.

4   Application of TRIZ in Large Constructions in the Middle East

The large construction sector in the Middle East, which is characterized by ambitious and complex projects, can be greatly enhanced by the application of the TRIZ method. This method, with its ability to address problems in a systematic and innovative way, is particularly well suited to solve the unique challenges of this sector.

For example, one of the main challenges is to improve the energy efficiency of buildings in an extremely hot climate. Using the Contradiction Matrix, inventive principles can be identified to increase thermal insulation without compromising the lightness of materials, thus combining living comfort and sustainability.

TRIZ method can also be used to address complex problems such as integrating sustainable construction technologies that reduce environmental impacts without increasing construction costs. TRIZ guides through a structured process to break down the problem and identify innovative solutions using resources that are already available in the system or can be developed using the system resources.

Resource Analysis is therefore critical in large-scale construction to identify existing materials and technologies that can be leveraged to improve efficiency and reduce costs.

For example, the method can help find ways to use construction waste in new building components, reducing both cost and environmental impact.

Laws of Evolution of Technical Systems can also be used to predict future industry needs and guide the development of new construction technologies. This is especially relevant in a rapidly developing region like the Middle East, where anticipating and responding quickly to emerging trends is essential to remain competitive.

4.1   Examples of TRIZ in Large Constructions: isolated aerogel glass facades

The use of aerogel for glass facade insulation exploits various TRIZ principles to overcome the limitations of traditional materials. By modifying the physical properties of the material, separating the transparency and insulation functions, performing preliminary actions, using compact materials, and mechanizing the insulation function, aerogel-based glazing offers superior performance compared to double or triple glazing filled with argon, representing a significant step forward in the energy efficiency of modern construction [5].

Trying to solve the contradiction between robustness and lightness of the structural material, and the contradiction between thermal insulation and light passage, through the tool of the TRIZ matrix, we can easily find that TRIZ suggests seeking the solution among the following resolving principles [1]:

Principle TRIZ 35: Change of Physical and Chemical Parameters.

The principle of changing physical and chemical parameters suggests modifying the properties of a material to enhance its performance. Aerogel is a highly porous and lightweight material, with extremely low density and significantly reduced thermal conductivity. These physical properties make it an excellent thermal insulator, far more effective than simply using gases like argon between glass panels. The innovation, therefore, stems from altering the physical properties of the insulating material, transitioning from trapped gas to a highly porous solid.

Principle TRIZ 2: Extraction of elements or properties.

This principle proposes separating the elements that create a contradiction, improving performance without compromise. In the case of aerogel-based insulated glazing, the functions of thermal insulation and transparency are separated. Aerogel allows for high light transparency while maintaining excellent insulating properties. This overcomes the limitation of traditional glass, which requires increased thickness or gas between panels to improve insulation, potentially compromising transparency and insulating effectiveness.

Principle TRIZ 40: Composite materials.

The change from uniform to composite (multiple) materials improve their performance with more effective and lightweight alternatives. Aerogel, being extremely light and thin, allows for a reduction in the overall weight of the glazing

without sacrificing insulating properties. This is particularly useful in large constructions where weight can impact structural design and construction costs.

Some examples are the Agbar Tower in Barcelona where the use of translucent aerogel in the glass facade panels improved thermal insulation reducing energy consumption up to 30%; the Hearst Tower in New York City and the Capitol Tower in Houston also use aerogel in windows insulating glass to improve energy efficiency.

4.2   Examples of TRIZ in Large Constructions: dynamic facades

Large glazed building facades equipped with dynamic systems that automatically react to external and internal temperature and radiation conditions are an advanced solution for improving thermal insulation and providing significant energy savings. The adoption of these systems can be optimized through TRIZ principles which highlight how technological innovations can solve the contradictions inherent in building thermal control.

Consider the need to improve the cooling of a building without increasing energy consumption, the need to increase the functional and structural flexibility of a shadowing device without decreasing its robustness, and the need to increase the efficiency of a system without compromising its overall quality.

TRIZ answers to all those questions indicating the following principles: TRIZ 15, TRIZ 28, and TRIZ 24.

Principle TRIZ 15: Dynamization.

The principle of dynamization suggests making a system or object dynamic, capable of adapting and changing in response to changing conditions. Dynamic facades respond to this principle by automatically adjusting glazed surfaces’ opacity, reflectivity, and transparency according to sunlight and temperature conditions. This dynamic adaptation optimizes the balance between heat entering and heat being blocked, thus reducing the need for artificial heating and cooling.

Principle TRIZ 28: Replace mechanical systems, increase interaction between structures and fields.

This principle suggests improving the performance of a system by using the interaction between different structures and physical fields. Dynamic facades may use materials and technologies that respond to thermal and light fields. For example, electrochromic technologies allow the transparency of glass to change by applying an electrical voltage, while thermochromic materials change colour and reflectivity in response to temperature, improving thermal insulation through the interaction between material structure and thermal field.

Principle TRIZ 24: Intermediation

The principle of intermediation suggests inserting an intermediate element between parts of a system to resolve contradictions. In dynamic facade systems, intermediate elements such as sensors and electronic controllers continuously monitor external and internal conditions and adjust façade properties in real-time. This approach allows fine and adaptive control of indoor environmental conditions, optimizing comfort and energy efficiency.

It is easy to see how this latter principle integrates what was described in the above section 4.1 (aerogel glass facades). Principle 24 indicates the evolution of aerogel usage toward a system that can dynamically control the behavior of the aerogel in relation to external conditions of temperature and irradiance.

This further step obviously must be able to be accomplished without adding unnecessary and complicated electronic control systems, but operating in such a way that the solution works “on its own.”

This further step must be taken without adding unnecessary and complicated electronic control systems, but in a way that the solution works ‘on its own’.

Consequently, it is easy to understand that by using the TRIZ method in a recursive way, it allows us to anticipate the future developments of any technological or organizational system. In other words, step by step, TRIZ clarifies the evolutionary path of the technology we are analyzing and allows us to write the technology roadmap of our solutions, providing an undeniable competitive advantage in the speed of finding innovative and high-level solutions, and competing with greater knowledge and awareness against our competitors.

5   Application of TRIZ in Energy Storage in the Middle East

As the world shifts towards renewable energy sources, the global demand for efficient energy storage solutions has become more critical than ever. Renewable energy sources like solar and wind are inherently intermittent and that creates a pressing need for robust energy storage systems that must store excess energy during peak production times and release it when production is low.

The challenge lies not only in storing large amounts of energy but also in doing so efficiently, sustainably, and cost- effectively.

The Middle East faces unique challenges in energy storage due to its climatic conditions and energy infrastructure, and with abundant sunlight, solar energy has immense potential in the region.

However, the high temperatures can adversely affect the performance and lifespan of conventional storage technologies like lithium-ion batteries. Additionally, the need for a stable and reliable energy supply is critical in a region where energy demands are constantly rising due to rapid urbanization and industrial growth [10, 2].

5.1   Examples of TRIZ in Energy Storage

Energy storage technologies have made significant strides in recent years, with various systems now available, including lithium-ion batteries, pumped hydro storage, compressed air energy storage, and emerging technologies like flow batteries and solid-state batteries.

Despite these advancements, each technology comes with its own set of limitations.

For instance, lithium-ion batteries, though highly efficient, suffer from limited lifecycle and high costs; pumped hydro storage, while effective, requires specific geographic conditions and substantial initial investment.

By applying TRIZ principles, we can identify and overcome the inherent contradictions in energy storage technologies, leading to more efficient and effective systems.

For example, to tackle the evident contradiction between the need to increase energy density without compromising safety or cost, TRIZ indicates clear strategies such as the separation in time or space of the contradictory properties; in the development of advanced batteries, TRIZ suggests separating the storage and delivery functions within the battery’s design, optimizing both aspects independently.

Another key principle of TRIZ is dynamization (the above-mentioned TRIZ 15), which consists of making systems more flexible and adaptive. In energy storage, this could mean the development of modular storage units that can be easily scaled up or down based on demand. Following the dynamization principle, by dynamically adjusting storage capacity, energy providers can better match supply with demand, enhancing the overall efficiency of the distribution system.

TRIZ recognizes that engineering systems often involve complex interactions between different physical phenomena and that effective design requires an understanding of how these phenomena interact and affect each other.

The trend of technology evolution often follows the so-called MATChEM structure, which stands for Mechanical, Acoustic, Thermal, Chemical, Electrical, and Magnetic. Interestingly, the sequences of MATChEM represent the trends of field application in solving inventive problem (Table 1) [8].

Simply following the MATChEM structure it is possible to classify the solution in terms of evolution level. Here, we explore, among many others, some real-world examples of energy storage technologies based on different physical principles.

Symbol	Field
M	Mechanical
A	Acoustic (Vibration)
T	Thermal
Ch	Chemical
E	Electric
M	Magnetic

Table 1: MATChEM structure

Mechanical Energy Storage

It is known that TRIZ principles involve making a system more dynamic to improve its functionality. Flywheel energy storage systems exemplify this principle by storing energy in the form of rotational kinetic energy. These systems consist of a high-speed rotating disk that maintains its momentum to store energy. When energy is needed, the flywheel slows down, converting its kinetic energy back into electrical energy.

Flywheels are highly efficient and capable of rapid charging and discharging cycles, making them suitable for stabilizing power grids and supporting renewable energy sources, however, these are systems that suffer from mechanical wear and have limits in the storage capacity related to the fact that only the external part of the flywheel, with its high peripheral speed, give real contribution to storage capabilities [16].

Remaining in the Mechanical field, the TRIZ principle of using Porous Materials suggests utilizing materials with specific geometric structures and properties to enhance system performance. CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage) systems store energy by compressing air and storing it in underground caverns or containers. When energy is needed, the

compressed air is released to drive turbines, generating electricity. The use of porous underground caverns enhances the efficiency and storage capacity of these systems.

The Huntorf CAES plant in Germany is one of the oldest operational CAES systems demonstrating the feasibility and efficiency of this technology for large-scale energy storage [14].

Chemical Energy Storage

Principle of Separation: this TRIZ principle suggests separating the conflicting elements in time or space. In lithium-ion batteries, the separation of charge carriers (ions) and electrons during the charging and discharging process enhances efficiency and safety. Lithium-ion batteries store energy through electrochemical reactions between the lithium ions and electrodes, providing high energy density and long cycle life.

For example, Tesla’s Powerwall™ uses lithium-ion battery technology to provide residential energy storage solutions. The Powerwall™ stores excess solar energy for use during nighttime or power outages, improving energy independence and efficiency (https://www.tesla.com/powerwall).

The well-known TRIZ principle of Segmentation involves dividing a system into independent parts to improve its functionality. Flow batteries use this principle by separating the energy storage component (electrolyte) from the power generation component (electrodes). This design allows for easy scaling of energy capacity and power output independently, making flow batteries suitable for large-scale energy storage.

For example, the Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) by UniEnergy Technologies (UET) exemplifies this principle (https://www.uetechnologies.com) [15].

Electrical Energy Storage

TRIZ principle of Local Quality: this principle involves improving specific areas of a system to enhance overall performance. Supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors, leverage this principle by using high surface area materials and advanced electrode designs to store electrical energy. Unlike batteries, supercapacitors store energy electrostatically, which allows for rapid charging and discharging cycles with minimal degradation over time [17].

Example: Maxwell Technologies, a leading manufacturer of supercapacitors, offers products that provide high power density and long cycle life, making them ideal for applications requiring quick bursts of energy (https://maxwell.com).

Magnetic Energy Storage:

Principle of Preliminary Action: This principle involves taking proactive measures to address potential issues before they arise. SMES (Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage) systems utilize superconducting magnets to store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current. By operating at superconducting temperatures, in a pre-chilled environment, these systems minimize energy losses and provide rapid response times, making them effective for grid stabilization and short-term energy storage [18].

Example: American Superconductor (AMSC) has developed SMES systems that provide grid support and enhance power quality by quickly releasing stored energy during fluctuations (https://www.amsc.com).

In the Magnetic Energy Storage category, it is also possible to insert the magnetic flywheel solution which combines the advantages of the classic flywheel eliminating the disadvantage of structuring the flywheel as a rigid object. With this solution, it is in fact possible to increase the storage capacity without incurring the classic structural and wear problems of the traditional flywheel.

See for example the Finnish company solution Teraloop Oy, in which the flywheel consists of a ring rotating in a dynamically controlled magnetic field (https://www.teraloop.org).

6   Conclusion

The ongoing quest for energy innovation is pivotal in addressing the global and regional challenges posed by increasing energy demands, environmental concerns, and the transition towards sustainable resources. The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), with its systematic and scientific methodology, emerges as an optimal framework for fostering breakthrough solutions in the energy sector. This conclusion underscores how TRIZ’s proven effectiveness across various scientific and technical domains can catalyze significant advancements in energy technologies, particularly in the Middle East. TRIZ is grounded in the analysis of patterns in patent literature, identifying universal principles of problem-solving. The methodology transcends the trial-and-error approach, offering a structured and algorithmic way to innovate. By leveraging TRIZ, engineers and researchers can systematically overcome technical contradictions, turning obstacles into opportunities for advancement.

As illustrated, the TRIZ framework comprises several tools and principles designed to enhance inventive thinking. These include the Contradiction Matrix, which helps identify and resolve technical conflicts, the 40 Inventive Principles, which provide strategic guidance for innovation, and the MATChEM approach.

One of TRIZ’s defining strengths is its ability to generate high-level solutions (i.e. innovations) that are not merely incremental improvements but radical enhancements over existing technologies.

In the Middle East, where large enterprises dominate sectors such as construction, energy, and utilities, the application of TRIZ can drive substantial improvements. For example, in the construction sector, TRIZ can facilitate the development of smart building materials and dynamic facades that significantly enhance energy efficiency. By applying principles like dynamization and segmentation, buildings can be designed to adapt to environmental conditions, reducing energy consumption for heating and cooling.

Similarly, in the energy sector, TRIZ can lead to breakthroughs in solar energy technologies and storage solutions. The principle of separation, for instance, can be used to develop solar panels that maintain high efficiency despite extreme temperatures, while advanced storage solutions can ensure a stable supply of energy even during periods of low solar activity.

The impact of TRIZ extends beyond immediate technical improvements. By fostering a culture of systematic innovation, TRIZ can elevate the overall technological capabilities of the region. This is particularly valuable in public administration and utilities, where efficient organization management can translate into significant cost savings and enhanced service delivery. TRIZ also aligns with the broader goals of sustainability and environmental stewardship. By enabling the development of high-efficiency, low-impact energy solutions, TRIZ supports the transition towards a more sustainable energy landscape. This is crucial for the Middle East, where balancing economic growth with environmental responsibility is a key challenge.

By leveraging TRIZ, the Middle East can lead the way in innovation, setting a benchmark for other regions to follow and securing a resilient future for generations to come.

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